similartophysicalexercise,acupunctureimprovesmuscle function restoration and stimulates muscle regeneration especially in patients with muscle atrophy after chronic diseases.However,thereislimitedsuccessfortheregenerationof largevolumemuscledefectsaftertraumaortumorresection. Furthermore, more work needs to be done to determine the optimal timing and intensity of Acu-LFES as a standard treatment..
Current standard of care for VML is typically based on surgicalinterventionwithautologousmusclegraftandphysical therapy. Further clinically used strategies include acupunctureandapplicationofscaffolds. 2.1.SurgicalTechniques. SurgicaltreatmentforVMLincludes mainlyscartissuedebridementand/ormuscletransposition [33]. Autologous muscle transfer is commonly performed in a clinical situation, when th..
1. Introduction Skeletal muscle is one of the most abundant tissues in the human body. It accounts for 40%–45% of the total body massandisnecessaryforgeneratingforcesformovement[1]. Up to a certain threshold, skeletal muscle has the capability of regenerating lost tissue upon injury [2]. Beyond this threshold, the remaining muscle tissue is unable to fully regenerateitsfunction.Thislossofskeleta..
Figure 2. The hierarchical architecture of tendon. Collagen triple-helices self-assemble into fibrils. Bundles of fibrils form fibers, which constitute tendon fascicle. Tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) reside between collagen fibers. Fascicles are wrapped by endotenon, a layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. Multiple fascicles are further surrounded by another..
Figure 1. An overview of tendon development. (A) Scx-expressing cells of trunk tendons appear between the myotome and sclerotome during early development, constituting a fourth compartment, syndetome, of the somite. Using a chimeric embryo model, syndetome is found emerging from sclerotome. FGF8 and 4 and their receptor, FREK, from myotome are involved in activating Scx-expression, while Pax1 fr..
Although perhaps less so than bone and muscle, extensive research on the adaptation of tendons to mechanical stresses has been conducted (Killian et al., 2012b; Wang, 2006). Most investigations have focused on the tendon proper, finding that the nature of loading directs the homeostatic balance between anabolic and catabolic pathways in resident fibroblasts (Killian et al., 2012a). The role of m..
− mouse model was found to result in the loss of most tendons and ligaments (Pryce et al., 2009) (Figure 1 G,H). Growth and differentiation factors (GDF), members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, are additional regulators of tendon development. Subcutaneous implantation of GDF-5, 6, and 7 leads to the formation of neotendon-like connective tissue in rats (Wolfman et al., 1997). Mi..
INTRODUCTION Decades of research on tendon and ligament (T/L) injuries have yielded extensive knowledge of the mechanical and biological properties of these dense connective tissues, translating into advances in surgical and conservative therapies that can prevent major disability. However, T/L injuries remain a persistent clinical challenge. In the U.S. alone, tendon, ligament, and joint capsul..
Tendon and Ligament Regeneration and Repair: Clinical Relevance and Developmental Paradigm Guang Yang#, Benjamin B. Rothrauff#, and Rocky S. Tuan1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA # These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract Tendon and ligament (T/L) are dense con..
the menisci. MRI is widely accepted as the optimal imaging modality because of superior soft tissue contrast. On cross-sectional MRI, the normal meniscus appears as a uniform low-signal (dark) triangular structure (Figure 9). A meniscal tear is identified by the presence of an increased intrameniscal signal that extends to the surface of this structure. Several studies have evaluated the clinica..
endings and Golgi tendon organs, are believed to mediate the sensation of joint position.140 The identification of these neural elements (located mostly in the middle and outer third of the meniscus) indicates that the menisci are capable of detecting proprioceptive information in the knee joint, thus playing an important afferent role in the sensory feedback mechanism of the knee.61,88,90,158,1..
differential excursion. Thompson et al found that the area of least meniscal motion is the posterior medial corner, where the meniscus is constrained by its attachment to the tibial plateau by the meniscotibial portion of the posterior oblique ligament, which has been reported to be more prone to injury.143,165 A reduction in the motion of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus is a potential..